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翻譯社

埃及法老雅赫摩斯

對錫拉火山爆發的描繪

Egyptian pharaoh Ahmose. Photo credit: Metropolitan Museum of Art

However, not everyone agrees with the conclusion of the study authors. Marina Baldi, a scientist in climatology and meteorology at the Institute of Biometeorology of the National Research Council in Italy, analysed the information on the stela along with her colleagues and compared it to known weather patterns in Egypt. She believes the description could relate to the ‘Red Sea Trough’ weather pattern which, when disrupted, brings severe weather翻譯社 heavy rain, and flash flooding. Other scholars, such as Egyptologist Ian Shaw believes the stela is propaganda put out by the pharaoh to rationalise a man-made disaster.

Featured image: A recreation of the Tempest Stela. Photo source.

"This is important to scholars of the ancient Near East and eastern Mediterranean翻譯社 generally because the chronology that archaeologists use is based on the lists of Egyptian pharaohs, and this new information could adjust those dates," said Moeller.

憑據他們刊載在《近東研究期刊》春季號上的研究所說，若是石碑真的是在描述錫拉火山爆發後的情狀，那麼該石碑以及雅赫摩斯的統治時候都應當被提早30-50年，這可能會改變學者對人類史上的青銅器帝國的主要時刻的理解。

芝加哥大學東方研究所的研究員納丁・莫勒和羅伯特・里特納認為謎底是必定的。

A depiction of the volcanic eruption of Thera. Image source.

The stela describes rain, darkness and 'the sky being in storm without cessation, louder than the cries of the masses.' The great storm is described as destroying tombs, temples and pyramids in the Theban region and the work of restoration ordered by the king. The passages also describe bodies floating down the Nile like "skiffs of papyrus." Could this inscription be one of the world’s oldest weather reports and an eye-witness account of the volcanic eruption of Thera?

學者還認為，從頭修訂雅赫摩斯的統治年代可能會讓其它發生在古代近東的主要事件變得加倍合適邏輯。錫拉火山爆發將摧毀喜克索斯人的口岸，使他們的海權實力大大減弱，商業與農業一樣難以倖免於難，這也會破壞巴比倫帝國的實力，雅赫摩斯亦能趁此機會執掌權利，驅逐喜克索斯人（統治埃及的迦南人）。 他的統治也標誌著新王國時期的初階，這是埃及國勢的巔峰。

《大風暴石碑》是由雅赫摩斯一世豎立的，據信他的統治是從公元前1550年入手下手。

《大風暴石碑》的破譯可能會改寫古代的時間表

Translation of Tempest Stela could change ancient timeline

The revised dating of Ahmose's reign could mean the dates of other key events in the ancient Near East fit together more logically, scholars said. For example, David Schloen, associate professor in the Oriental Institute, says that it realigns the dates of the fall of the Canaanites and the collapse of the Babylonian Empire. The Thera eruption would have destroyed the Hyksos’ ports翻譯社 weakened their sea power翻譯社 and disrupted trade and agriculture, undermining the power of the Babylonian Empire, and allowing Ahmose to rise to power翻譯社 taking over the Hyksos (Canaanite rules of Egypt).

這副石碑描述了被降雨和暗中所覆蓋的大地，還有“天空中永不停歇的風暴，其聲響要比人們的哭叫聲都還要響亮翻譯”根據紀錄，這場龐大的風暴摧毀了底比斯地域的葬墓，神殿還有金字塔，後來法老也命令進行了修復工程翻譯這些片斷還描寫了沿著尼羅河向下飄蕩的屍首，的確就像“用紙莎草編成的艑舟”一樣。這副銘文會不會是有史以來最古老的天氣記錄之ㄧ，和對錫拉火山爆發的目擊記錄呢？

“對學者來說，這在研究古代近東和地中海東部時有著很主要的影響，因為考古學家用來對比的年表每每都是法老名單，現在這份新材料則可能會改變它們的年月，”莫勒說。

The Tempest Stela was erected by King Ahmose I, who is believed to have ruled from 1550 BC. His reign marked the beginning of the New Kingdom翻譯社 a time when Egypt’s power reached its height.

http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/translation-tempest-stela-could-change-ancient-timeline-001520?nopaging=1

但是，也不是每一個人都同意這項研究的作者們所得出的結論翻譯義大利國家委員會生物氣象研究所的氣候學與氣象學家，瑪麗娜・巴爾迪一樣也和她的同事一路剖析過了石碑上的記載，並將其與埃及的天色模式相較翻譯她認為這份銘文所描述的更可能與“紅海槽”的紊亂有關，這會激發卑劣的天氣，大量的降雨以及閃電般的洪水。

《大風暴石碑》是一副出土於底比斯，即今盧克索的卡納克神殿第三塔門中的6英尺高方解石石碑，憑據對這40行銘文的翻譯，學者們而今可以更加確信，碑文所描寫得異常天氣應當與錫拉（聖托里尼）火山的爆發有關翻譯這個發現意味著現有的年表可能要從頭修訂，特別是關於雅赫摩斯一世，也就是第18王朝的第一名法老的統治時期。

Researchers Nadine Moeller and Robert Ritner from the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago翻譯社 believe the answer is yes. In their study, which appears in the spring issue of the Journal of Near Eastern Studies, the researchers explain that if the stela describe the aftermath of the Thera catastrophe翻譯社 the correct dating of the stela and therefore Ahmose's reign, would be 30 to 50 years earlier than currently believed, a finding that could change scholars' understanding of a critical juncture in human history as Bronze Age empires realigned.

By April Holloway

The Tempest Stela is a 6-foot-tall calcite block found in the 3rd Pylon of the temple of Karnak in Thebes翻譯社 modern Luxor. In a new translation of the 40-line inscription, scholars affirm previous beliefs that its description of unusual weather patterns are consistent with the massive volcano eruption of Thera (Santorini). The implications could cause a revision in chronology翻譯社 particularly in relation to the reign of the pharaoh Ahmose, the first pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty.